How Search Dogs Work

Information about how search dogs work, the theory of searching for people by scent, and the science behind using dogs in search and rescue work. 

Search Dog Terminology 

Information for Ground Searchers Flanking a Dog Handler

Search dog terms

We use a lot of different terms in search and rescue. This glossary help you keep track of them.

Air Scent Dog: A dog trained to locate the scent of any person carried in the air, often used in searches where the exact location of a subject is unknown. They work indepently off-leach, usually searching large areas and will find anyone in that area. 

Alert: A trained signal or behavior exhibited by a SAR dog to indicate that they have detected a scent or found something significant. It is how the dog lets their handler no know they found something. 

Cadaver Dog: A dog trained specifically to locate the scent of decomposing human remains. We don't really used "cadaver dog" any more. The current term is Humain Remains Detection (HRD) Dog.

False Alert: An incorrect indication by a SAR dog, usually due to environmental factors or training inconsistencies.

Grid Search: A systematic search method where a specific area is divided into grids to ensure thorough coverage.

Handler: The individual who trains, works with, and directs the SAR dog during search operations.

Humain Remains Detection (HRD) Dog: A dog trained specifically to locate the scent of decomposing human remains

Indication: A behavior or signal from the SAR dog to the handler that they have detected something of interest. An indication is something the handler observes in the dog, but it is short of the trained alert.

Live Find Dog: A dog trained to locate live humans. Most air scent dogs are live find dogs. 

Obedience Training: Basic training all SAR dogs undergo to ensure they follow commands accurately.

Refind: A behavior where an air scent SAR dog working independently off-leash finds a subject and then returns to the handler to indicate a find and then leads the handler back to the location of the subject.

Scent Cone: The pattern that a scent follows as it disperses from its source, affected by wind and terrain.

Tracking: The method by which a SAR dog follows a specific human scent trail over various terrains.

Trailing Dog: A dog trained to follow the path of a specific scent trail left by a person, often used in urban or wilderness tracking. Trailing dogs work on-leash 

Water HRD Dog: A Human Remains Detection dog trained specifically for locating human remains in water environments, such as lakes or rivers, working either from the shore or from a boat. 

AMRG Canine Standards and Forms

AMRG Canine Standards -- What AMRG's dog teams must to before being named operational for responding to searches

Canine Capabilities Checklist -- A planning and evaluation tool for search managers

Ground Searchers Guide To Working With A Dog Handler

During a search and rescue (SAR) incident, you might have the opportunity to assist a SAR dog team. This involves working alongside the handler and the dog as they search for airborne scents or a missing person's scent trail. Your role in such scenarios is crucial, as it allows the handler to focus exclusively on the dog's behavior and responses. Your responsibilities may include:

1. Navigation: Keeping track of your position during a hasty or trail search, or maintaining a precise grid in larger search areas.

2. Radio Operations and Communication: Managing communication channels effectively.

3. Marking: Recording alerts and olfactory clues both on the map and at the site, noting details like time and wind direction.

4. Clue Awareness: Remaining vigilant for visual and auditory clues, as in any search operation.

Your proficiency in these tasks is vital for enhancing the team's overall efficiency and success.

Rules for Working with SAR Dogs

• Pre-Search Briefing: Before commencing your task, discuss with the handler what is expected of you.

• Following the Handler’s Lead: The handler directs search tactics and knows how to utilize the dog's abilities optimally. It's important to respect their expertise.

• Positioning: Avoid standing between the handler and the dog, as it can obstruct the handler's view of the dog's alerts. The recommended position is a few yards behind the handler.

• Communication: Avoid distracting the dog while it’s working. Keep general conversation to a minimum.

• Observational Support: If you notice the dog alerting, especially if the handler is preoccupied, promptly inform them.

• Group Dynamics: Maintain a compact search party formation. Some SAR dogs may become anxious if the group spreads out, affecting their search focus.

• Assisting with Alerts: If asked to hold a position during a dog alert, do so diligently. Mark the spot and direction of the handler and dog on your map.

• Wind Awareness: Be conscious of air movement changes, as they may affect search tactics.

• Safety Awareness: Be alert to potential dangers to the dog, such as traffic, hunters, or hostile environments.

• Active Searching: Continue to utilize your training in spotting and assessing potential clues, and engage in attraction methods if appropriate.

In Case of a Find

• Communication and Coordination: Be ready to communicate the location and condition of the found person to the base and assist in guiding the rescue team.

• Supporting the Handler: If the handler is occupied with critical tasks, you may be asked to reward the dog. This can involve activities that the dog enjoys, like playing or cuddling.

• Canine Care: If tasked with escorting the dog back to base, inquire about specific care needs like feeding, watering, and rest. The wellbeing of the dog is a priority until the handler reclaims them.

Adhering to these guidelines ensures that you contribute effectively to the SAR operation, supporting both the handler and the canine in their critical search efforts.